句子结构
句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。
1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由首。
The boy needs a pen.
Smoking is bad for you.
2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由担任，常置于主语后。
The train leaves at 6 o’clock.
She is reading.
3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。
He won the game.
He likes playing computer.
4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由担任，置于系动词之后。 He is a student.
We are tired.
注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
The black bike is mine.（形容词）
The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）
I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）
注意：1、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如： I tell him something interesting.
2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
The boys who are in the room are playing games.
6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。
1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；
I am very sorry.
2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。
In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.
They are writing English in the classroom.
3、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
We often help him.
He is always late for class.
7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由 （形容词） （不定式）
The war made him a soldier.（名词）
I find him at home.（介词短语）
I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）
8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
I myself will do the experiment.
She is the oldest among them six.
句子的种类
陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
一， 陈述句
(1)肯定句
1.Simon is playing football.
2.I have plenty of homework to do
(2)否定句
a. 否定句大多数由谓语动词的否定式构成：
1.He __________(not come)to the party yesterday.
2.Tom ____________(not be) free this Sunday.
3.I have _________(从来没发现) him so frightened.
4.The boy _________(不能) ride a bike at the age of five.
b. 有时也用其他形式表示：
1.There is _________(没有东西)left in the fridge.
2._______ (没有一个人 ) of us in our class likes the novel.
3.__________(没有人)knew when the fire had started.
c. seldom, hardly,或 little, few, no后跟名词也构成否定句：
1.__________(没几个) of the students can answer the question.
2.I have ________( 很少的) money with me. I can’t buy anything for you.
3.Last night I could _________(几乎不)fall asleep because I was very excited.
4._______ (没有)students are good at playing baseball in our class.
d. both ,all,every 用在否定句中表示部分否定：
1.All these vegetables do not grow in the south. 这些蔬菜并不全长在南方。
(=Some vegetables grow in the south,but some don’t.)
2.Every cinema is not full on weekdays.平时电影院并不都满座。
二， 疑问句
（1） 一般疑问句 用yes,no回答的问句为一般疑问句
1._________ your teacher strict with you ? Yes,she also works hard.
2._________ the work be finished right now? No, you needn’t.
3.________ you reading the newspapers when the earthquake happened?
4.________your mother gone to work ? Yes ,she isn’t here.
5.________Mr Green often give you advice on how to learn English well?
（2） 特殊疑问句 以疑问词开头的问句为特殊疑问句。
1.________ do you study for a test? I study by working with a group.
2.________has your father worked in the factory? Since he moved to the city.
3.________ruler is this ? It’s mine.
4.________Beijing Duck can you eat? Half a plate of it.
5.________does the robot need to be checked? Every two months.
6.________fish are there in the lake? Only a few.
7.________will come to help him? No one.
8.________school do you study in ? In No. 1 Middle School.
9.________did they raise money for? To help the disabled.
10.________will he be back ? In ten minutes.
（3） 选择疑问句 选择疑问句提供两个或两个以上答案供选择，选择部分用or连接, 不能用Yes
或No回答.
1.Do you speak English or French? I speak English.
2.Who wants to go skiing this weekend, you or your sister? Both of us.
3.Shall we go by car, train or air? By train.
（4） 反意疑问句 对陈述的事实提出相反疑问时，可在陈述句后加上一个省略问句，其主语和谓
语动词必须与陈述句的主语和谓语动词一致，其结构如下：
肯定陈述句，省略的否定问句？ /否定陈述句，省略的肯定问句？( 注意翻译，英汉有差异) She didn’t go to school by bike, did she ? 她没有骑自行车上学，是吗？
Yes，she did.( 不，她骑自行车了。)No, she didn’t.(是的，她没有骑自行车。)
1.You and I will talk with the engineer this afternoon,________________?
2.---Jill and Joe have never been to Australia,______________?
---________. How they wish to go there!.
3.--- There are few difficult problems in the test paper,______________?
---_____________.Many of them aren’t easy.
4. I need some time to play and relax,____________?
5. Don’t play football in the street,______________?
6.Let’s go out for a walk,_____________?
7. The girl is unhappy,______________?
8. Mrs Black could hardly imagine the difficulties he might meet with,___________?
9.Tom’s seldom late for school ,_________?
四， 祈使句 祈使句表示请求、命令等，谓语动词用原形，主语为谈话的对方（you）一般不说出
来。
1.Please keep your long hair away from fire.
2.Do not leave the stove on.
3.Let’s not smoke here.
4.Let him watch TV since he has done his homework.
5.________(be) a good boy, or you”ll be punished..
6._________(not walk) so slowly,and you can catch up with us.
五，
感叹句 感叹句表示惊奇、喜悦、赞叹、气愤等强烈感情。
How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语 ！
What +a/an +形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语 ！
What +形容词+不可数名词/复数名词+主语+谓语 ！
1._______cold it is !
2._______quickly he is eating!
3._______good time we’ve had today!
4.________nice ties they are wearing!
5.________lovely weather!
6._________important it is to be careful with fire!
7._________amazing news report he has got!
主语和谓语的一致
一，名词作主语时与动词的一致
a. 可数名词与不可数名词
1.The iron pig ________funny. /The iron pigs________ funny.(look)
2.Water and air _________(need) by us.
3.The bread _________(be) on the table just now.
b. 集体名词
1.Who ________(be) these people?
2.The police __________( solve) the case at that moment.
c. 有些集体名词如：audience，family，team，government，class 等看作整体当单数用，但有时看作组成的成员时用作复数。 1. My family _______(live) in Shanghai./ My family________(have) dinner together . 2. The class_______(not be) big./ The class ________(do) their homework already.
d. “there be” 句型或here开头的句型，主语在后面，按就近原则确定谓语动词：
1. There ________ some fish and grass in the river.
2. _______there a pen, three books and a box on the desk just now?
3. There _______great changes in our city in the last few years.
4. There __________ two talks and a fashion show next week, are there?
5. Here ________ some books and a pen for you.
e. 数词或表示度量、时间、价值等复数名词作主语时可看作整体，动词用单数： 1. Three minus one _____ (be)two. 2. Ten years ______(pass) since the dog died.
3. Ten minutes ______(give) to silent reading just now./ Twenty dollars _____(be)enough. 但分数，百分比等相关内容作主语，根据意义确定动词的单复数。 1. Two thirds of the workers _____(be) women teachers. 2. Three-fifths of his time _______(spend) on his homework.
3. Three –fifths of the earth _______ (cover) with water. 4.Twenty percent of the students _______ (see) this film.They like it very much.
f. 有些由两部分构成的物质名词，一般用作复数。但这些词前有a pair of，a piece of等单位量词时，动词形式要看单位量词。 1. That pair of jeans ______(be) still in the washing machine just now.
2. Several pieces of paper _______(sell)out in the past few hours. 3. Where ______(be) my glasses? Right on your nose.
g. 名词化形容词作主语，表示某类人时，动词用作复数。
The blind _________(take) good care of in our city.
类似的有：the old, the young, the disabled, the deaf, the rich/poor,the sick等。
二， 一些代词作主语时与动词的一致
a. each, every, either ,neither 作主语或主语的修饰成分时，谓语动词用作单数。
1. Each boy _________(get) a prize. 2.Each of the houses _________(paint) a different colour.
3.Either answer ________(be) correct./Either of the answers _______(be) correct.
4.Every bus on Sundays ________(be)crowded with people.
b. all, most, half 等作主语时，根据意义确定动词的单复数。 1. All are happy to hear the news./All is calm,all is bright. 2.Most of the water is clea./ Most of the people are here. 3.Half (of) the cake was left on the table./ Half(of) the students come from the south. 4. Thirty students are girls,the rest are boys.
c. something,somebody,everything,everyone,nobody, nothing 等复合不定代词作主语时，动词用作单数。
1.Anyone who _______(want) to go please write his name here.
2.Now something _______(be) wrong with my robot.
d. none 作主语时，动词既可用单数也可用复数。 None of us likes/like the idea.
e. who,what 等疑问代词作主语时常用作单数。 1. What ______ (make)you think I am right? 2. Who ________ (teach) you Chinese ？
f. a number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
1. A number of famous pop stars __________(invite)to the presentation last night.
2.The number of the giant panadas ________(go) down already.
三， 并列主语与动词的一致
a. and,both„and 连接两个名词/代词作主语，动词用复数；or, either„or, neither„nor, not
only„but also„,not„but... 连接两个名词/代词作主语，根据就近原则确定谓语。
1.Both he and I _______(be) students.
2.Not only Jack but also his parents_________(watch)TV now.
3.Rice and wheat ________(grow) in this area.
但and 连接的两个部分是同一个人或事物时，谓语动词用单数。
1.The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. 第二十课即最后一课„„。2.Too much work and too little rest leads to his illness. 3.The teacher and writer is talking with the young people. 那位教师兼作家在跟年轻人交谈。
b. 主语+with/together with/along with/except/as well as+ 另一个主语，谓语动词与第一个主
语一致。
1.No one except two girls ______(be) in the classroom.
2.John together with his friends __________(plan) a party at the monent.
选择填充：
( )1.A number of boys_____playing on the playground.But I don’t know what the correct
number_______. A. are, is B. are,are C. is , is D. is are
( )2. What do you think ______her a good pupil? A. have B. has C. stands D. stand
( )3.The teacher as well as his students _______to the playground to have sports.They aren’t
here.
A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. has gone
( )4.---Could you tell me _____it is from here to the science museum?
---It’s about twenty minutes’walk. A. how long B. how fast C. how far D. how soon
( )5.The young man came riding full speed down the road on his bicycle._______it was!
A. How dangerous the scene B. What dangerous a scene
C. How a dangerous a scene D. What a dangerous scene
( )6.---Tina had nothing for breakfast,______she?---______. She had some bread and milk.
A. had, Yes B. hadn’t, No C. did,Yes D. didn’t, No
( )7.---Remember not to leave the door open when you go to work.---_______.
A. OK, I will B. No, I won’t C. No, I don’t D. Yes, I do
( )8.--- I wonder _____you know about the 29th Olympic torch(火炬).
---It is 72 centimetres high, weighs 980 grams.
A. how heavy B. how high C. how much D. how old
( )9.---He didn’t catch the train,did he?---____,though he was caught in the rain.
A. No, he didn’t B. Yes, he did C. No, he did D. Yes, he didn’t
句子结构
句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。
1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由首。
The boy needs a pen.
Smoking is bad for you.
2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由担任，常置于主语后。
The train leaves at 6 o’clock.
She is reading.
3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。
He won the game.
He likes playing computer.
4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由担任，置于系动词之后。 He is a student.
We are tired.
注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。
3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。
The black bike is mine.（形容词）
The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）
I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）
注意：1、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如： I tell him something interesting.
2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：
The boys who are in the room are playing games.
6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。
1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；
I am very sorry.
2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。
In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.
They are writing English in the classroom.
3、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
We often help him.
He is always late for class.
7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由 （形容词） （不定式）
The war made him a soldier.（名词）
I find him at home.（介词短语）
I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）
8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。
Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.
I myself will do the experiment.
She is the oldest among them six.
句子的种类
陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
一， 陈述句
(1)肯定句
1.Simon is playing football.
2.I have plenty of homework to do
(2)否定句
a. 否定句大多数由谓语动词的否定式构成：
1.He __________(not come)to the party yesterday.
2.Tom ____________(not be) free this Sunday.
3.I have _________(从来没发现) him so frightened.
4.The boy _________(不能) ride a bike at the age of five.
b. 有时也用其他形式表示：
1.There is _________(没有东西)left in the fridge.
2._______ (没有一个人 ) of us in our class likes the novel.
3.__________(没有人)knew when the fire had started.
c. seldom, hardly,或 little, few, no后跟名词也构成否定句：
1.__________(没几个) of the students can answer the question.
2.I have ________( 很少的) money with me. I can’t buy anything for you.
3.Last night I could _________(几乎不)fall asleep because I was very excited.
4._______ (没有)students are good at playing baseball in our class.
d. both ,all,every 用在否定句中表示部分否定：
1.All these vegetables do not grow in the south. 这些蔬菜并不全长在南方。
(=Some vegetables grow in the south,but some don’t.)
2.Every cinema is not full on weekdays.平时电影院并不都满座。
二， 疑问句
（1） 一般疑问句 用yes,no回答的问句为一般疑问句
1._________ your teacher strict with you ? Yes,she also works hard.
2._________ the work be finished right now? No, you needn’t.
3.________ you reading the newspapers when the earthquake happened?
4.________your mother gone to work ? Yes ,she isn’t here.
5.________Mr Green often give you advice on how to learn English well?
（2） 特殊疑问句 以疑问词开头的问句为特殊疑问句。
1.________ do you study for a test? I study by working with a group.
2.________has your father worked in the factory? Since he moved to the city.
3.________ruler is this ? It’s mine.
4.________Beijing Duck can you eat? Half a plate of it.
5.________does the robot need to be checked? Every two months.
6.________fish are there in the lake? Only a few.
7.________will come to help him? No one.
8.________school do you study in ? In No. 1 Middle School.
9.________did they raise money for? To help the disabled.
10.________will he be back ? In ten minutes.
（3） 选择疑问句 选择疑问句提供两个或两个以上答案供选择，选择部分用or连接, 不能用Yes
或No回答.
1.Do you speak English or French? I speak English.
2.Who wants to go skiing this weekend, you or your sister? Both of us.
3.Shall we go by car, train or air? By train.
（4） 反意疑问句 对陈述的事实提出相反疑问时，可在陈述句后加上一个省略问句，其主语和谓
语动词必须与陈述句的主语和谓语动词一致，其结构如下：
肯定陈述句，省略的否定问句？ /否定陈述句，省略的肯定问句？( 注意翻译，英汉有差异) She didn’t go to school by bike, did she ? 她没有骑自行车上学，是吗？
Yes，she did.( 不，她骑自行车了。)No, she didn’t.(是的，她没有骑自行车。)
1.You and I will talk with the engineer this afternoon,________________?
2.---Jill and Joe have never been to Australia,______________?
---________. How they wish to go there!.
3.--- There are few difficult problems in the test paper,______________?
---_____________.Many of them aren’t easy.
4. I need some time to play and relax,____________?
5. Don’t play football in the street,______________?
6.Let’s go out for a walk,_____________?
7. The girl is unhappy,______________?
8. Mrs Black could hardly imagine the difficulties he might meet with,___________?
9.Tom’s seldom late for school ,_________?
四， 祈使句 祈使句表示请求、命令等，谓语动词用原形，主语为谈话的对方（you）一般不说出
来。
1.Please keep your long hair away from fire.
2.Do not leave the stove on.
3.Let’s not smoke here.
4.Let him watch TV since he has done his homework.
5.________(be) a good boy, or you”ll be punished..
6._________(not walk) so slowly,and you can catch up with us.
五，
感叹句 感叹句表示惊奇、喜悦、赞叹、气愤等强烈感情。
How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语 ！
What +a/an +形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语 ！
What +形容词+不可数名词/复数名词+主语+谓语 ！
1._______cold it is !
2._______quickly he is eating!
3._______good time we’ve had today!
4.________nice ties they are wearing!
5.________lovely weather!
6._________important it is to be careful with fire!
7._________amazing news report he has got!
主语和谓语的一致
一，名词作主语时与动词的一致
a. 可数名词与不可数名词
1.The iron pig ________funny. /The iron pigs________ funny.(look)
2.Water and air _________(need) by us.
3.The bread _________(be) on the table just now.
b. 集体名词
1.Who ________(be) these people?
2.The police __________( solve) the case at that moment.
c. 有些集体名词如：audience，family，team，government，class 等看作整体当单数用，但有时看作组成的成员时用作复数。 1. My family _______(live) in Shanghai./ My family________(have) dinner together . 2. The class_______(not be) big./ The class ________(do) their homework already.
d. “there be” 句型或here开头的句型，主语在后面，按就近原则确定谓语动词：
1. There ________ some fish and grass in the river.
2. _______there a pen, three books and a box on the desk just now?
3. There _______great changes in our city in the last few years.
4. There __________ two talks and a fashion show next week, are there?
5. Here ________ some books and a pen for you.
e. 数词或表示度量、时间、价值等复数名词作主语时可看作整体，动词用单数： 1. Three minus one _____ (be)two. 2. Ten years ______(pass) since the dog died.
3. Ten minutes ______(give) to silent reading just now./ Twenty dollars _____(be)enough. 但分数，百分比等相关内容作主语，根据意义确定动词的单复数。 1. Two thirds of the workers _____(be) women teachers. 2. Three-fifths of his time _______(spend) on his homework.
3. Three –fifths of the earth _______ (cover) with water. 4.Twenty percent of the students _______ (see) this film.They like it very much.
f. 有些由两部分构成的物质名词，一般用作复数。但这些词前有a pair of，a piece of等单位量词时，动词形式要看单位量词。 1. That pair of jeans ______(be) still in the washing machine just now.
2. Several pieces of paper _______(sell)out in the past few hours. 3. Where ______(be) my glasses? Right on your nose.
g. 名词化形容词作主语，表示某类人时，动词用作复数。
The blind _________(take) good care of in our city.
类似的有：the old, the young, the disabled, the deaf, the rich/poor,the sick等。
二， 一些代词作主语时与动词的一致
a. each, every, either ,neither 作主语或主语的修饰成分时，谓语动词用作单数。
1. Each boy _________(get) a prize. 2.Each of the houses _________(paint) a different colour.
3.Either answer ________(be) correct./Either of the answers _______(be) correct.
4.Every bus on Sundays ________(be)crowded with people.
b. all, most, half 等作主语时，根据意义确定动词的单复数。 1. All are happy to hear the news./All is calm,all is bright. 2.Most of the water is clea./ Most of the people are here. 3.Half (of) the cake was left on the table./ Half(of) the students come from the south. 4. Thirty students are girls,the rest are boys.
c. something,somebody,everything,everyone,nobody, nothing 等复合不定代词作主语时，动词用作单数。
1.Anyone who _______(want) to go please write his name here.
2.Now something _______(be) wrong with my robot.
d. none 作主语时，动词既可用单数也可用复数。 None of us likes/like the idea.
e. who,what 等疑问代词作主语时常用作单数。 1. What ______ (make)you think I am right? 2. Who ________ (teach) you Chinese ？
f. a number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
1. A number of famous pop stars __________(invite)to the presentation last night.
2.The number of the giant panadas ________(go) down already.
三， 并列主语与动词的一致
a. and,both„and 连接两个名词/代词作主语，动词用复数；or, either„or, neither„nor, not
only„but also„,not„but... 连接两个名词/代词作主语，根据就近原则确定谓语。
1.Both he and I _______(be) students.
2.Not only Jack but also his parents_________(watch)TV now.
3.Rice and wheat ________(grow) in this area.
但and 连接的两个部分是同一个人或事物时，谓语动词用单数。
1.The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. 第二十课即最后一课„„。2.Too much work and too little rest leads to his illness. 3.The teacher and writer is talking with the young people. 那位教师兼作家在跟年轻人交谈。
b. 主语+with/together with/along with/except/as well as+ 另一个主语，谓语动词与第一个主
语一致。
1.No one except two girls ______(be) in the classroom.
2.John together with his friends __________(plan) a party at the monent.
选择填充：
( )1.A number of boys_____playing on the playground.But I don’t know what the correct
number_______. A. are, is B. are,are C. is , is D. is are
( )2. What do you think ______her a good pupil? A. have B. has C. stands D. stand
( )3.The teacher as well as his students _______to the playground to have sports.They aren’t
here.
A. has been B. has gone C. have been D. has gone
( )4.---Could you tell me _____it is from here to the science museum?
---It’s about twenty minutes’walk. A. how long B. how fast C. how far D. how soon
( )5.The young man came riding full speed down the road on his bicycle._______it was!
A. How dangerous the scene B. What dangerous a scene
C. How a dangerous a scene D. What a dangerous scene
( )6.---Tina had nothing for breakfast,______she?---______. She had some bread and milk.
A. had, Yes B. hadn’t, No C. did,Yes D. didn’t, No
( )7.---Remember not to leave the door open when you go to work.---_______.
A. OK, I will B. No, I won’t C. No, I don’t D. Yes, I do
( )8.--- I wonder _____you know about the 29th Olympic torch(火炬).
---It is 72 centimetres high, weighs 980 grams.
A. how heavy B. how high C. how much D. how old
( )9.---He didn’t catch the train,did he?---____,though he was caught in the rain.
A. No, he didn’t B. Yes, he did C. No, he did D. Yes, he didn’t