扬州大学英语考博复习题
阅读理解
Passion 1
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term。
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (inconstant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed。
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%,and in 1979 by almost 30%。
31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A]global inflation.
[B]reduction in supply。
[C]fast growth in economy.
[D]Iraq's suspension of exports。
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
[A]price of crude rises.
[B]commodity prices rise。
[C]consumption rises.
[D]oil taxes rise。
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。
[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。
[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。
[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now。
[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks。
[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices。
[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry。
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A]optimistic. [B]sensitive. [C]gloomy. [D]scared。
Passion 2
Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton-- an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass. -- calls a global "conveyor belt" redistributes ocean organisms. It's planet wide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand. These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.
What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. What's new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water, continuously moving around the world…
Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to
hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva freefloating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.
Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.
The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea's anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.
The maritime nations that created the biological "conveyor belt" should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it.
36. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms are ____.
A. being moved to new environments.
B. destroying the planet.
C. succumbing to the zebra mussel.
D. developing alien characteristics.
37. Oceanographers are concerned because ____.
A. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited.
B. they believe the oceans are dying.
C. they fear an invasion from outer-space.
D. they have identified thousands of alien webs.
. It can be inferred from the article that banning ballast dumps in coastal waters proved successful in _______.
A. North American Inland Waterway
B. the globe
C. Europe
D. America
38. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species ____.
A. are all compatible with one another.
B. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters.
C. can only survive in their home waters.
D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes.
39. The identified cause of the problem is ____.
A. the rapidity with which larvae mature.
B. a common practice of the shipping industry.
C. a centuries old species.
D. the world wide movement of ocean currents.
40. The article suggests that a solution to the problem ____.
A. is unlikely to be identified.
B. must precede further research.
C. is hypothetically easy.
D. will limit global shipping.
Passion 3
The sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr's Island. Tall, kingly spruces wore their regal crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum; vast old hemlocks of primeval growth stood in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss; while feathery larches, turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the faintest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing bands of violet vapour make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.
The funeral was over, -- the tread of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again, -- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.
The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal "tick-tock, tick-tock," in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr's Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt, -- such as settles down on a dwelling when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart- shaped hole in the window-shutter, -- for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.
The kitchen was clean and ample, with a great open fireplace and wide stone hearth, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, -- a great sea- chest, which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered, and unsightly it looked, yet report said that there was good store within of that which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed, it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale, or a fishing-smack was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans, -- in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen to the bereaved; for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant could not have been looked on with more reverence than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel's sea-chest.
41. The author describes Orr’s Island in a (n) ________ manner.
A. emotionally appealing, imaginative
B. rational, logically precise
C. factually detailed, objective
D. vague, uncertain
42. According to the passage, the “best room” _________
A. has its many windows boarded up.
B. has had the furniture removed
C. is used only on formal and ceremonious occasions.
D. is the busiest room in the house.
43. From the description of the kitchen we can infer that the house belongs to people who __________
A. never have guests.
B. like modern appliances.
C. are probably religious.
D. dislike housework
44. The passage implies that _________
A. few people attended the funeral
B. fishing is a secure vocation.
C. the island is densely populated.
D. The house belonged to the deceased.
45. From the description of Zephaniah we can tell that he _________.
A. was physically a very big man.
B. preferred the lonely life of a sailor.
C. always stayed at home.
D. was frugal and saved a lot of money.
翻译：
1、英译汉
一、
We are all intimately familiar with at least one language, yet few of us ever stop to consider what we know about it. The words of a language can be listed in a dictionary, but not all the sentences. Speakers us a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences. These rules comprise the grammar of a language. They include the sound system and the way in which sounds and meanings are related. This linguistic knowledge is, however, different from linguistic behavior. If you woke up one morning and decided to stop talking, you would still have the knowledge of your language.Language is a tool of communication. But if language is defined merely as a system of communication, then language is not unique to humans. A basic property of human language is its creative aspect.
2、汉译英
在美国，学生通常要花很多时间在学校图书馆里，或完成一门课的作业，或从事研究以便准备要写的报告。因此，留学生会发现他们在一所美国大学里学习的成败，在很大程度上取决于利用图书馆的能力。他们也会发现教授一开始便希望他们自己去查找并评价资料，而不是
在讲课时提供需要记住的具体事实和课程资料。因而，学生必须提高查找、选择和评价图书馆资料的技能。
写作
Write a composition on the flowing topic"Happiness is considered very important in life. “ Why is it difficult to define?
What factors are important in achieving happiness?
扬州大学英语考博复习题
阅读理解
Passion 1
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term。
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past。
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (inconstant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed。
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%,and in 1979 by almost 30%。
31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A]global inflation.
[B]reduction in supply。
[C]fast growth in economy.
[D]Iraq's suspension of exports。
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
[A]price of crude rises.
[B]commodity prices rise。
[C]consumption rises.
[D]oil taxes rise。
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A]heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive。
[B]income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices。
[C]manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed。
[D]oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP。
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A]oil-price shocks are less shocking now。
[B]inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks。
[C]energy conservation can keep down the oil prices。
[D]the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry。
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A]optimistic. [B]sensitive. [C]gloomy. [D]scared。
Passion 2
Every minute of every day, what ecologist James Carlton-- an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown, Mass. -- calls a global "conveyor belt" redistributes ocean organisms. It's planet wide biological disruption that scientists have barely begun to understand. These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels.
What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. What's new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water, continuously moving around the world…
Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to
hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva freefloating stage. When discharged in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish, slugs, and many other forms.
Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.
The continuous shuffling of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea's anchovy fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.
The maritime nations that created the biological "conveyor belt" should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it.
36. According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organisms are ____.
A. being moved to new environments.
B. destroying the planet.
C. succumbing to the zebra mussel.
D. developing alien characteristics.
37. Oceanographers are concerned because ____.
A. their knowledge of this phenomenon is limited.
B. they believe the oceans are dying.
C. they fear an invasion from outer-space.
D. they have identified thousands of alien webs.
. It can be inferred from the article that banning ballast dumps in coastal waters proved successful in _______.
A. North American Inland Waterway
B. the globe
C. Europe
D. America
38. According to Marine ecologists, transplanted marine species ____.
A. are all compatible with one another.
B. may upset the ecosystems of coastal waters.
C. can only survive in their home waters.
D. sometimes disrupt shipping lanes.
39. The identified cause of the problem is ____.
A. the rapidity with which larvae mature.
B. a common practice of the shipping industry.
C. a centuries old species.
D. the world wide movement of ocean currents.
40. The article suggests that a solution to the problem ____.
A. is unlikely to be identified.
B. must precede further research.
C. is hypothetically easy.
D. will limit global shipping.
Passion 3
The sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr's Island. Tall, kingly spruces wore their regal crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum; vast old hemlocks of primeval growth stood in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss; while feathery larches, turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the faintest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing bands of violet vapour make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.
The funeral was over, -- the tread of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again, -- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.
The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal "tick-tock, tick-tock," in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr's Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt, -- such as settles down on a dwelling when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart- shaped hole in the window-shutter, -- for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.
The kitchen was clean and ample, with a great open fireplace and wide stone hearth, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, -- a great sea- chest, which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered, and unsightly it looked, yet report said that there was good store within of that which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed, it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale, or a fishing-smack was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans, -- in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen to the bereaved; for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant could not have been looked on with more reverence than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel's sea-chest.
41. The author describes Orr’s Island in a (n) ________ manner.
A. emotionally appealing, imaginative
B. rational, logically precise
C. factually detailed, objective
D. vague, uncertain
42. According to the passage, the “best room” _________
A. has its many windows boarded up.
B. has had the furniture removed
C. is used only on formal and ceremonious occasions.
D. is the busiest room in the house.
43. From the description of the kitchen we can infer that the house belongs to people who __________
A. never have guests.
B. like modern appliances.
C. are probably religious.
D. dislike housework
44. The passage implies that _________
A. few people attended the funeral
B. fishing is a secure vocation.
C. the island is densely populated.
D. The house belonged to the deceased.
45. From the description of Zephaniah we can tell that he _________.
A. was physically a very big man.
B. preferred the lonely life of a sailor.
C. always stayed at home.
D. was frugal and saved a lot of money.
翻译：
1、英译汉
一、
We are all intimately familiar with at least one language, yet few of us ever stop to consider what we know about it. The words of a language can be listed in a dictionary, but not all the sentences. Speakers us a finite set of rules to produce and understand an infinite set of sentences. These rules comprise the grammar of a language. They include the sound system and the way in which sounds and meanings are related. This linguistic knowledge is, however, different from linguistic behavior. If you woke up one morning and decided to stop talking, you would still have the knowledge of your language.Language is a tool of communication. But if language is defined merely as a system of communication, then language is not unique to humans. A basic property of human language is its creative aspect.
2、汉译英
在美国，学生通常要花很多时间在学校图书馆里，或完成一门课的作业，或从事研究以便准备要写的报告。因此，留学生会发现他们在一所美国大学里学习的成败，在很大程度上取决于利用图书馆的能力。他们也会发现教授一开始便希望他们自己去查找并评价资料，而不是
在讲课时提供需要记住的具体事实和课程资料。因而，学生必须提高查找、选择和评价图书馆资料的技能。
写作
Write a composition on the flowing topic"Happiness is considered very important in life. “ Why is it difficult to define?
What factors are important in achieving happiness?